{"id":8880,"date":"2024-10-09T10:42:22","date_gmt":"2024-10-09T17:42:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/kittitas\/?page_id=8880"},"modified":"2024-10-09T10:42:22","modified_gmt":"2024-10-09T17:42:22","slug":"toxic-plants-of-kittitas-county","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/kittitas\/agriculture\/nrs\/forestry\/toxic-plants-of-kittitas-county\/","title":{"rendered":"Toxic Plants of Kittitas County"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Prepared by Tipton D. Hudson. Originally published September 2005, updated February 2009 (PDF)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t
<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Family<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/td>Genus<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/td>Species<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/td>Common Name<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/td>Toxicity Rating<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/td>Toxic plant part(s)<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/td>Symptoms of poisoning<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/td>Toxic principle<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/td>Affected livestock<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/td>Distribution in
\n<\/strong><\/span>Kittitas County<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Borage<\/span><\/td>Amsinckia<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>intermedia<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Fiddleneck<\/span><\/td>High -- 20 lbs. single dose or
\n<\/span>cumulative<\/span><\/td>		All, especially the
\n<\/span>seeds<\/span><\/td>		Hepatic cirrhosis, dematitus, aimless
\n<\/span>wandering, head pressing<\/span><\/td>		Pyrrolizidine alkaloids<\/span><\/td>all, esp. in hay or
\n<\/span>contaminated grain<\/span><\/td>		Common<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Borage<\/span><\/td>Cynoglossum<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>officinale<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Houndstongue<\/span><\/td>High -- 0.6 - 2% of hay, 1 plant per day for a week, or
\n<\/span>cumulative<\/span><\/td>		all, generally not palatable except in
\n<\/span>hay<\/span><\/td>		Dullness, wandering, increased pulse and respiration, weakness, death from
\n<\/span>liver hemorrhage<\/span><\/td>		Pyrrolizidine alkaloids<\/span><\/td>cattle, horses, sheep less so<\/span><\/td>Common<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Buckwheat<\/span><\/td>Rumex<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>crispus<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Curly Dock<\/span><\/td>Low -- large quantities<\/span><\/td>Top, leaves, stem<\/span><\/td>muscle tremors, tetany, weakness,
\n<\/span>reluctance to move, coma, death<\/span><\/td>		Soluble oxalates<\/span><\/td>Sheep, Cattle, and horses<\/span><\/td>Common<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Buttercup<\/span><\/td>Aconitum<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>spp.<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Monkshood<\/span><\/td>High -- Small quantities<\/span><\/td>all<\/span><\/td>Labored breathing, irregular heart beat,
\n<\/span>weakness, muscle spasms, death<\/span><\/td>		Diterpene alkaloids<\/span><\/td>all<\/span><\/td>Rare<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Buttercup<\/span><\/td>Delphinium<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>spp.<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Larkspur<\/span><\/td>Very High -- 1 lb. Cattle appear to be attracted to it<\/span><\/td>all, fresh or dry<\/span><\/td>Constipation, bloat; death from respiratory and cardiac failure. Livestock
\n<\/span>deaths are common<\/span><\/td>		Diterpene alkaloids<\/span><\/td>all, esp cattle<\/span><\/td>Occasional<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Buttercup<\/span><\/td>Ranunculus<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>spp.<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Buttercups<\/span><\/td>Low -- large quantities, may develop a taste for plant<\/span><\/td>All<\/span><\/td>Mouth blisters, salivation, diarrhea<\/span><\/td>Glycoside (ranunculin)<\/span><\/td>all<\/span><\/td>Common<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dogbane<\/span><\/td>Apocynum<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>spp.<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Dogbane<\/span><\/td>High -- 0.5 - 1 oz.\/100 lbs
\n<\/span>body weight<\/span><\/td>		All, especially leaves
\n<\/span>and stems<\/span><\/td>		Dilation of pupils, sore mouth, sweating,
\n<\/span>death<\/span><\/td>		Cardiac glycosides<\/span><\/td>horses, cattle, sheep goats<\/span><\/td>Occasional<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fern<\/span><\/td>Pteridium<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>aquilinum<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Bracken Fern<\/span><\/td>Low -- cumulative, 20% of
\n<\/span>diet<\/span><\/td>		all, fresh or dry<\/span><\/td>Loss of weight, depression, body
\n<\/span>weakness, convulsions<\/span><\/td>		Thiaminase, tannins,
\n<\/span>cyanogenic glycosides<\/span><\/td>		Cattle, horses, sheep<\/span><\/td>Occasional--upper
\n<\/span>county<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Figwort<\/span><\/td>Digitalis<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>purpurea<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Foxglove<\/span><\/td>Very High -- 0.25 lb.<\/span><\/td>all<\/span><\/td>Contracted pupiles, labored breathing,
\n<\/span>convulsions, death is likely if ingested<\/span><\/td>		Cardiac glycosides<\/span><\/td>all<\/span><\/td>Rare---occasionally
\n<\/span>in upper county<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Frumitory<\/span><\/td>Dicentra<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>spp.<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Bleeding Heart, Steer's head<\/span><\/td>Moderate -- generally avoided but may eat in early
\n<\/span>spring<\/span><\/td>		All<\/span><\/td>Shaking, staggering, excessive salivation, labored breathing, abdominal
\n<\/span>pain, convulsions<\/span><\/td>		Alkaloids<\/span><\/td>Cattle and horses<\/span><\/td>Occasional; also as ornamentals<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Goosefoot<\/span><\/td>Kochia<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>scoparia<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Kochia<\/span><\/td>Low -- Prolonged grazing (30 days)---useful forage
\n<\/span>otherwise<\/span><\/td>		Mainly the seeds, increased when
\n<\/span>stressed<\/span><\/td>		Photosensitization, aimless walking, blindness, gastrointestinal distress<\/span><\/td>Nitrates, saponins, oxalates<\/span><\/td>Cattle, horses, sheep<\/span><\/td>Common<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Grass<\/span><\/td>Sorghum<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>spp.<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Sudan grass, Johnson grass<\/span><\/td>Low -- large quantities, cumulative<\/span><\/td>all; safe forage unless stressed<\/span><\/td>Posterior ataxia, Mucous membranes appear cherry-red, Open mouth
\n<\/span>breathing,<\/span><\/td>		Cyanogenic glycosides, nitrates<\/span><\/td>Cattle, sheep, horses<\/span><\/td>Occasional<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Heath<\/span><\/td>Ledum<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>glandulosum<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Labrador Tea<\/span><\/td>High -- small % of body weight<\/span><\/td>All, esp. leaves<\/span><\/td>Slow\/irregular heart rate, blurred vision,
\n<\/span>excessive salivation, vomiting, colic, labored breathing, coma, death<\/span><\/td>		Diterpenoid compounds<\/span><\/td>All<\/span><\/td>Occasional<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Honeysuckle<\/span><\/td>Sambucus<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>spp.<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Elderberry<\/span><\/td>Low -- if ingesting young shoots, leaves, or bark. Uncooked berries may
\n<\/span>cause nausea<\/span><\/td>		All, esp. leaves and bark. Berries safe to eat in small amounts
\n<\/span>if cooked<\/span><\/td>		Stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, possible death in severe cases<\/span><\/td>Cyanogenic glycosides<\/span><\/td>Cattle, sheep , pigs,<\/span><\/td>Common<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Horsetail<\/span><\/td>Equisetum<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>spp.<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Horsetail, Scouring
\n<\/span>rush<\/span><\/td>		Low -- large quantities,
\n<\/span>cumulative<\/span><\/td>		all<\/span><\/td>Weight loss, weakness, central nervous
\n<\/span>system disorders, death<\/span><\/td>		Thiaminase<\/span><\/td>horses, esp. in hay<\/span><\/td>Common<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Iris<\/span><\/td>Iris<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>spp.<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Iris<\/span><\/td>Low -- large quantities<\/span><\/td>all<\/span><\/td>gastrointestinal distress<\/span><\/td>Irritant resin<\/span><\/td>all<\/span><\/td>Common<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Lily<\/span><\/td>Veratrum<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>californicum<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>False hellebore<\/span><\/td>Low -- large quantities, but is readily eaten by sheep & goats<\/span><\/td>All<\/span><\/td>Burning in mouth and throat, salivation, vomiting, paralysis, reproductive problems (monkey face in lambs)<\/span><\/td>Steroidal alkaloids<\/span><\/td>Cattle, sheep, and goats<\/span><\/td>Common<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Lily<\/span><\/td>Zigadenus<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>spp.<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Death camas<\/span><\/td>High -- Sheep - 0.5 - 2 lbs.
\n<\/span>Cattle - 5 - 10 lbs.<\/span><\/td>		All, esp. new growth<\/span><\/td>Weakness, prostration, convulsions,
\n<\/span>coma, death<\/span><\/td>		Steroid alkaloids<\/span><\/td>Cattle, horses, sheep,
\n<\/span>llamas, goats<\/span><\/td>		Occasional<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Milkweed<\/span><\/td>Asclepias<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>speciosa<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Showy milkweed<\/span><\/td>High -- .05 - 2% body weight<\/span><\/td>all, fresh or dry<\/span><\/td>Staggering, depression, weakness,
\n<\/span>dilated pupils, coma, death<\/span><\/td>		Cardiac glycosides<\/span><\/td>all<\/span><\/td>Common<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mustard<\/span><\/td>Brassica<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>spp.<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Mustards<\/span><\/td>Low -- Large; excessive consumption--safe forage otherwise<\/span><\/td>all, fresh or dry<\/span><\/td>Not life threatening, causes repeated colic if hay is substantially contaminated; has also been known to cause Congenital Hypothyroid Dysmaturity
\n<\/span>Syndrome in foals<\/span><\/td>		Mustard oils, goitrogenic glycosides<\/span><\/td>all<\/span><\/td>Common<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mustard<\/span><\/td>Descurainia<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>pinnata<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Tansy mustard<\/span><\/td>Low -- cumulative, large quantities, prolonged grazing<\/span><\/td>all<\/span><\/td>Blindness, inability to use tongue, aimless wandering, weight loss<\/span><\/td>Unknown<\/span><\/td>Cattle, horses, pigs<\/span><\/td>Occasional<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mustard<\/span><\/td>Thlaspi<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>arvense<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Pennycress<\/span><\/td>Low -- large quantities, possible in hay or grain<\/span><\/td>Seeds & leaves, fresh or dry<\/span><\/td>Gastrointestinal distress, peeling skin, in severe cases paralysis and possible
\n<\/span>death<\/span><\/td>		Glucosinolates<\/span><\/td>All<\/span><\/td>Common<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nightshade<\/span><\/td>Datura<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>stramonium<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Jimsonweed<\/span><\/td>Very High -- 0.08% body
\n<\/span>weight<\/span><\/td>		all, generally
\n<\/span>unpalatable<\/span><\/td>		Paralysis, delirium, respiratory paralysis
\n<\/span>& death is likely<\/span><\/td>		Tropane alkaloids<\/span><\/td>all<\/span><\/td>Rare<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nightshade<\/span><\/td>Hyoscyamus<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>niger<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Black Henbane<\/span><\/td>High -- small quantities<\/span><\/td>all, fresh or dry<\/span><\/td>Effects central nervous system with
\n<\/span>stimulatory and hallucinatory effects<\/span><\/td>		Tropane alkaloids<\/span><\/td>all<\/span><\/td>Very Rare<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nightshade<\/span><\/td>Solanum<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>ssp.<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Nightshade<\/span><\/td>High -- 1-10 lbs.<\/span><\/td>all<\/span><\/td>Diarrhea, incoordination, paralysis,
\n<\/span>convulsions, death<\/span><\/td>		Steroidal glycoalkaloids<\/span><\/td>All esp. cattle and pigs<\/span><\/td>Common<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Parsley<\/span><\/td>Cicuta<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>douglasii<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Water hemlock<\/span><\/td>Very High -- 0.2 - 0.8 lb<\/span><\/td>all<\/span><\/td>Violent central nervous system effects,
\n<\/span>rapid and violent death is likely<\/span><\/td>		resinoid (cicutoxin)<\/span><\/td>all<\/span><\/td>Common<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Parsley<\/span><\/td>Conium<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>maculatum<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Poison hemlock<\/span><\/td>High -- 1 - 10 lbs.<\/span><\/td>all<\/span><\/td>Paralysis, respiratory failure & death,
\n<\/span>birth defects<\/span><\/td>		Piperidine alkaloids<\/span><\/td>all<\/span><\/td>Occasional<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pea<\/span><\/td>Astragalus<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>spp.<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Milkvetches and locoweeds<\/span><\/td>Moderate -- 30% bodyweight but acquire a taste for it and seek it out<\/span><\/td>all<\/span><\/td>Respiratory distress, paralysis, depression, vacant staring, head pressing, belligerent, reproductive
\n<\/span>problems<\/span><\/td>		Indolizindine alkaloid<\/span><\/td>cattle, sheep, esp. horses<\/span><\/td>Occasional in shrub steppe areas<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pea<\/span><\/td>Lupinus<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>spp.<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Lupine<\/span><\/td>High -- Sheep - 0.25 lb Cattle - 1 lb<\/span><\/td>all<\/span><\/td>Spasms, cerebral excitement, death, birth defects (crooked calf)<\/span><\/td>Quinolizidine and piperidine alkaloids<\/span><\/td>sheep, goats, horses, cattle<\/span><\/td>Common, wide variation in toxicity
\n<\/span>among subspecies<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pea<\/span><\/td>Trifolium<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>spp.<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>alsike clover, red clover<\/span><\/td>Low -- cumulative, prolonged grazing<\/span><\/td>all<\/span><\/td>blindness, depression, photosensitization, staggering gait, cirrhosis of the liver and severe kidney
\n<\/span>problems<\/span><\/td>		Unknown compounds, nitrates<\/span><\/td>Cattle and horses<\/span><\/td>Occasional<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pea<\/span><\/td>Vicia<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>villosa<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Hairy Vetch<\/span><\/td>Low -- large quantities, cumulative<\/span><\/td>plant, seeds<\/span><\/td>Skin irritation, poor appetite, diarrhea, convulsions and death from quantities of
\n<\/span>seed<\/span><\/td>		unknown in plant, seeds contain cyanide<\/span><\/td>Horses and cattle<\/span><\/td>Common<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pigweed<\/span><\/td>Amaranthus<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>retroflexus<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Redroot Pigweed<\/span><\/td>Moderate -- significant quantities, cumulative<\/span><\/td>all<\/span><\/td>Muscle weakness and tremors, ataxia, knuckling at the fetlock joints, Renal
\n<\/span>failure.<\/span><\/td>		Oxalates and nitrates<\/span><\/td>Pigs, cattle<\/span><\/td>Common<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pine<\/span><\/td>Pinus<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>ponderosa<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Ponderosa pine<\/span><\/td>Moderate -- 1.5 lbs per day<\/span><\/td>Bark, buds, needles<\/span><\/td>Causes abortion in pregnant cows, some
\n<\/span>appear more sensitive<\/span><\/td>		Isocupressic acid<\/span><\/td>Cattle<\/span><\/td>Common<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rose<\/span><\/td>Prunus<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>virginiana<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Chokecherry<\/span><\/td>High -- 4oz may be lethal to a 100 lb animal<\/span><\/td>Bark, leaves, and seeds<\/span><\/td>Blue color in mouth; rapid breathing, gasping; muscular twitching, staggering, convulsions; coma, death within hour
\n<\/span>after lethal dose<\/span><\/td>		Cyanogenic glycosides<\/span><\/td>all<\/span><\/td>Common<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Spurge<\/span><\/td>Euphorbia<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>esula<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Leafy spurge<\/span><\/td>Low -- rarely grazed<\/span><\/td>Latex<\/span><\/td>Gastrointestinal irritation, dermal irritation<\/span><\/td>Diterpenes<\/span><\/td>all<\/span><\/td>Very Rare -- not known to exist in
\n<\/span>Kittitas County<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Spurge<\/span><\/td>Ricinus<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>communis<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Castorbean<\/span><\/td>Very High -- 1 oz<\/span><\/td>All<\/span><\/td>Gastrointestinal distress, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, shock, collapse,
\n<\/span>convulsions, death is likely<\/span><\/td>		Lectins (ricin)<\/span><\/td>all<\/span><\/td>Very Rare, not known to exist in
\n<\/span>Kittitas County<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
St. Johnswort<\/span><\/td>Hypericum<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>perforatum<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>St. Johnswort, goatweed<\/span><\/td>Moderate -- Sheep - 5% body weight Cattle - 1% body weight<\/span><\/td>Leaves and flowers<\/span><\/td>Photosensitization, blisters & scabs around eyes, mouth, ears, nose, and feet; signs develop in 2d to 3wk, death
\n<\/span>rare<\/span><\/td>		Phenolic compound (hypericin)<\/span><\/td>cattle, sheep, swine, goats<\/span><\/td>Common<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sunflower<\/span><\/td>Acroptilon<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>repens<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Russian Knapweed<\/span><\/td>Low -- large quantities,
\n<\/span>cumulative<\/span><\/td>		all, fresh or dry<\/span><\/td>Chewing disease, head pressing,
\n<\/span>aimless walking, death from starvation<\/span><\/td>		Unknown
\n<\/span>sesquiterpene lactone<\/span><\/td>		Horses<\/span><\/td>Occasional<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sunflower<\/span><\/td>Centaurea<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>solstitialis<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Yellow starthistle<\/span><\/td>Low -- Cumulative<\/span><\/td>all, fresh or dry<\/span><\/td>Chewing disease, head pressing,
\n<\/span>aimless walking, death from starvation<\/span><\/td>		Unknown
\n<\/span>sesquiterpene lactone<\/span><\/td>		Horses<\/span><\/td>Rare<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sunflower<\/span><\/td>Senecio<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>jacobaea<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Tansy ragwort<\/span><\/td>High -- 1 - 5% animal weight,
\n<\/span>cumulative<\/span><\/td>		all<\/span><\/td>Liver lesions, staggering, weakness, &
\n<\/span>death<\/span><\/td>		Pyrrolizidine alkaloids<\/span><\/td>all<\/span><\/td>Rare<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sunflower<\/span><\/td>Senecio<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>vulgaris<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Common groundsel<\/span><\/td>High -- 1 - 5% animal weight, cumulative, similar to tansy
\n<\/span>ragwort<\/span><\/td>		all<\/span><\/td>Acute & chronic liver damage, colic, death; very similar to tansy ragwort
\n<\/span>poisoning<\/span><\/td>		Pyrrolizidine alkaloids<\/span><\/td>all<\/span><\/td>Occasional<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sunflower<\/span><\/td>Tanacetum<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>vulgare<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Common Tansy<\/span><\/td>Low -- large quantities<\/span><\/td>Leaves, stems<\/span><\/td>Salivating, abdominal pain, colic<\/span><\/td>Tanecetin<\/span><\/td>all<\/span><\/td>Common<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sunflower<\/span><\/td>Tetradymia<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>canescens<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Horsebrush<\/span><\/td>High -- 0.5 - 0.75 lbs may cause \"bighead\" in sheep<\/span><\/td>Leaves, buds<\/span><\/td>Bighead in sheep, liver failure, abortion, possibly coma and death in severe cases<\/span><\/td>Tetradymol<\/span><\/td>Sheep<\/span><\/td>Occasional in shrub steppe areas<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sunflower<\/span><\/td>Xanthium<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>strumarium<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Cocklebur<\/span><\/td>High -- 0.1 - 0.3% body weight<\/span><\/td>Seeds & seedlings, fresh or dry<\/span><\/td>Liver, gallbladder, and gastrointestinal irritation, appetite loss, vomiting,
\n<\/span>convulsions, death<\/span><\/td>		Glycoside<\/span><\/td>All, esp. pigs<\/span><\/td>Occasional<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ornamental Trees and Shrubs<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Beech<\/span><\/td>Quercus<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>spp.<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Oak<\/span><\/td>Low -- Large quantities, 50% of diet<\/span><\/td>all, especially leaf buds, flower buds,
\n<\/span>and acorns<\/span><\/td>		stop eating, become depressed, and develop intestinal stasis. Liver damage,
\n<\/span>renal damage<\/span><\/td>		Tannins<\/span><\/td>Cattle sheep, goats, horses and pigs<\/span><\/td>As ornamentals; rarely found in wild<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dogbane<\/span><\/td>Nerium<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>oleander<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Oleander<\/span><\/td>Very high -- 0.005% of body weight<\/span><\/td>All, fresh or dry, also smoke<\/span><\/td>Appetite loss, depression, vomiting, stomach pain, irregular heart rate, death<\/span><\/td>Cardiac glycosides<\/span><\/td>All<\/span><\/td>Possible ornamental<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Heath<\/span><\/td>Luecothoe or Kalmia<\/em><\/span><\/td>spp.<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Mountain laurel, Sierra laurel<\/span><\/td>Very high -- 1 oz<\/span><\/td>all<\/span><\/td>Irregular heart beat, blurred vision, paralysis, foaming at the mouth,
\n<\/span>vomiting, colic, coma, death<\/span><\/td>		Diterpenoid compounds<\/span><\/td>all<\/span><\/td>Possible ornamental<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Heath<\/span><\/td>Rhododendron<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>spp.<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Rhododendron,
\n<\/span>Azalea<\/span><\/td>		High -- 0.2% body weight<\/span><\/td>all<\/span><\/td>Vomiting, blurred vision, salivation, colic,
\n<\/span>possibly coma and death<\/span><\/td>		Diterpenoid compounds<\/span><\/td>All<\/span><\/td>As ornamentals<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Maple<\/span><\/td>Acer<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>rubrum<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Red maple<\/span><\/td>High -- 1.5 pounds of leaves<\/span><\/td>Leaves, especially when fallen,
\n<\/span>damaged, or wilted.<\/span><\/td>		Breathing difficulties, jaundice, dark brown urine, and death.<\/span><\/td>unknown oxidant<\/span><\/td>Horses only<\/span><\/td>As ornamentals<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pea<\/span><\/td>Laburnum<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>anagyroides<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Golden Chain Tree<\/span><\/td>Moderate -- ingestion of seeds or bark will cause
\n<\/span>symptoms<\/span><\/td>		All, esp. bark and seeds that hang
\n<\/span>down in pods<\/span><\/td>		Stiffness, staggering gait, convulsions, recumbency, death<\/span><\/td>Alkaloid (cytisine)<\/span><\/td>All<\/span><\/td>Possible ornamental<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pea<\/span><\/td>Robinia<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>pseudoacacia<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Black & Yellow
\n<\/span>locust<\/span><\/td>		High -- As little as 6.5oz<\/span><\/td>All, especially beans
\n<\/span>and bark<\/span><\/td>		Digestive irritation, depression, paralysis
\n<\/span>of hindquarters, collapse<\/span><\/td>		Lectins (robin), tannins<\/span><\/td>All, esp. horses and cattle<\/span><\/td>As ornamentals<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Vervain<\/span><\/td>Lantana<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>spp.<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Lantana<\/span><\/td>High -- 1% body weight<\/span><\/td>Leaves and fruit<\/span><\/td>Chronic: photosensitization, labored breathing, constipation, swollen eyelids Acute: severe bloody diarrhea, weakness, rapid heart rate, jaundice,
\n<\/span>death<\/span><\/td>		Triterpenoid compounds<\/span><\/td>All<\/span><\/td>Possible ornamental<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Walnut<\/span><\/td>Juglans<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>nigra<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Black walnut<\/span><\/td>Low -- 5% of bedding with woodchips has caused laminitis in horses<\/span><\/td>Woodchips, bark, mature fruit<\/span><\/td>Immobility, depression, elevated temperature, increased heart and respiration rates, edema of lower legs,
\n<\/span>laminitis<\/span><\/td>		Juglone and unknown toxin(s)<\/span><\/td>Horses<\/span><\/td>As ornamentals<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yew<\/span><\/td>Taxus<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>spp.<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Yew<\/span><\/td>High -- 0.5 lb<\/span><\/td>All<\/span><\/td>Breathing problems, trembling, weakness, heart problems, sudden death<\/span><\/td>Diterpenoid taxanes<\/span><\/td>all<\/span><\/td>Possible ornamental<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mechanical Problems<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cashew<\/span><\/td>Toxicodendron<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>spp.<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Poison Ivy, Oak<\/span><\/td><\/td>All<\/span><\/td>Dermal irritation, allergic reaction<\/span><\/td><\/td>All, especially humans<\/span><\/td>Common<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Grass<\/span><\/td>Bromus<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>spp.<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Brome, Cheatgrass<\/span><\/td><\/td>Awns<\/span><\/td>Injury to mouth, nose, and eyes<\/span><\/td><\/td>Grazing livestock<\/span><\/td>Common<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Grass<\/span><\/td>Hordeum<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>spp.<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Barley--foxtail, hare,
\n<\/span>wild<\/span><\/td>		<\/td>Awns<\/span><\/td>Injury to mouth, nose, and eyes<\/span><\/td><\/td>Grazing livestock<\/span><\/td>Common<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Grass<\/span><\/td>Setaria<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>spp.<\/em><\/span><\/em><\/td>Foxtail--yellow,
\n<\/span>green, bristly<\/span><\/td>		<\/td>Awns<\/span><\/td>Injury to mouth, nose, and eyes<\/span><\/td><\/td>Grazing livestock<\/span><\/td>Common<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Prepared by Tipton D. Hudson. Originally published September 2005, updated February 2009 (PDF).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":55,"featured_media":0,"parent":337,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_tec_requires_first_save":true,"_wsuwp_accessibility_report":null,"_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":0,"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_tribe_blocks_recurrence_rules":"","_tribe_blocks_recurrence_description":"","_tribe_blocks_recurrence_exclusions":"","_expiration_date":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/kittitas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8880"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/kittitas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/kittitas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/kittitas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/55"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/kittitas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8880"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/kittitas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8880\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8886,"href":"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/kittitas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8880\/revisions\/8886"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/kittitas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/337"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/kittitas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8880"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/kittitas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8880"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/kittitas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8880"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}