{"id":1567,"date":"2025-10-31T08:49:30","date_gmt":"2025-10-31T15:49:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/pnw-gardeners-handbook\/?page_id=1567"},"modified":"2026-04-03T10:47:07","modified_gmt":"2026-04-03T17:47:07","slug":"chapter-22-understanding-pesticides","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/pnw-gardeners-handbook\/chapter-22-understanding-pesticides\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 22: Understanding Pesticides"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wsu-hero wsu-width--full wsu-pattern--wsu-light-radial-left  wsu-hero--style-boxed \">\n\t<div class=\"wsu-hero__background\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wsu-image-frame wsu-image-frame--fill\">\n\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/62\/2025\/09\/AdobeStock_764220056.jpg\"\n\t\tsrcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/62\/2025\/09\/AdobeStock_764220056.jpg 1350w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/62\/2025\/09\/AdobeStock_764220056.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/62\/2025\/09\/AdobeStock_764220056.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/62\/2025\/09\/AdobeStock_764220056.jpg 768w\"\n\t\tsizes=\"(max-width: 1350px) 100vw, 1350px\"\n\t\talt=\"An elderly woman sprays roses against pests and diseases close-up.\"\n\t\tstyle=\"object-position: 81% 21%\"\n\t\t\/>\n<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"wsu-hero__overlay\">\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"wsu-hero__content-wrapper\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wsu-hero__inner-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wsu-hero__title-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"wsu-hero__title\">Understanding Pesticides<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wsu-hero__caption\">Chapter 22<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wsu-hero__content\">\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero wsu-spacing-after--xsmall\"><strong>Carol Ramsay Black<\/strong>, Urban IPM and Pesticide Safety Education Program Director, Department of Entomology, WSU<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero wsu-spacing-after--xsmall\"><strong>Carrie Foss<\/strong>, Extension Urban IPM Coordinator, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Washington State University<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-max-width--hero wsu-spacing-after--xsmall\"><strong>Wendy Sue Wheeler<\/strong>, Program Director, Extension Specialist, WSU Pesticide Resources and Education Program<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-row wsu-row--sidebar-right\" >\r\n    \n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading wsu-font-size--xlarge wsu-heading--style-marked wsu-spacing-after--xxmedium\" id=\"learning-objectives\">Learning Objectives<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Know the terms related to pesticide products, labels, and effects.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Understand the pesticide labeling process, information, and laws.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Know proper application methods, timing, rates, and handling of pesticides.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Understand that \u201corganic\u201d does not always mean \u201cless toxic\u201d\u2014some organic pest control products can be as lethal or more lethal to beneficial organisms than synthetic ones.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-column\"  style=\"\">\r\n\t\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Topics Covered<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wsu-menu--style-sidebar\">\n<li><a href=\"#ch22-introduction\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#ch22-introduction\">Introduction<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#ch22-pesticides-laws\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#ch22-pesticides-laws\">Pesticides and the Law<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#ch22-pesticide-toxicity\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#ch22-pesticide-toxicity\">Pesticide Toxicity<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#ch22-pesticide-selection\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#ch22-pesticide-selection\">Pesticide Selection<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#ch22-safe-applications\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#ch22-safe-applications\">Safe, Effective Applications<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#ch22-safe-pesticide-handling\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#ch22-safe-pesticide-handling\">Safe Pesticide Handling<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#ch22-first-aid\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#ch22-first-aid\">First Aid<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#ch22-checklist\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#ch22-checklist\">Checklist for Pesticide Purchase and Use<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#ch22-further-reading\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#ch22-further-reading\">Further Reading<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked\" id=\"ch22-introduction\">Introduction<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pesticides are but one tool in your integrated pest management (IPM) toolbox (see Chapter 21: Plant Health Care and Integrated Pest Management for more information). Pesticides are commonly selected when insects, weeds, or plant disease conditions warrant corrective measures that cultural, biological, and mechanical practices could not remedy. Sometimes pesticides may be used as a preventive treatment to manage key insects or diseases on host plants, or for weed management when establishing new lawns or landscape plantings. This chapter addresses basic pesticide facts and how the pesticide label provides the key information for safe and effective use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The goal of pesticide use within an integrated pest management program is to manage pest populations so they stay at low, tolerable levels (thresholds). Pest tolerance levels vary, depending on the site and a person\u2019s own desires for their landscape or garden. The proper selection, handling, and use of a pesticide provides for both effective pest control and environmental protection. If you select the wrong product or do not follow all directions related to use and timing, you may not achieve effective control and could potentially make your pest problems worse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When you decide to use a pesticide in your IPM program, it is imperative that you understand what the pesticide is and how to read a pesticide label. This ensures that you make the proper pesticide choice and that you achieve the most effective pest management in your garden or landscape. Additionally, anyone possessing, handling, or applying a pesticide is responsible and can be held liable for any damage, loss, or unintended consequences to humans or the environment that the pesticide may cause. Handling and applying pesticides requires knowledge, care, and good judgment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The single most important point in this chapter is to ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW THE PESTICIDE LABEL. Read the pesticide label before you buy the pesticide, before you mix the pesticide, before you apply the pesticide, and, finally, before you store or dispose of the pesticide and the pesticide container.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>Defining \u201cPesticide\u201d<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Pesticides (pest meaning nuisance and icide meaning kill or strike) control, destroy, prevent, or repel pests. The term \u201cpest\u201d can refer to weeds, insects, rodents, birds, fungi, germs, or other organisms that are annoying, unsightly, harmful to health, or cause damage to landscape and garden plants or household consumable products. This also includes plant growth regulators such as rooting hormones. Thus, a pesticide is any product (human-made or natural) that a manufacturer claims controls, destroys, or even repels a target pest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-spacing-after--large\">It is incorrect to use the terms \u201cpesticide\u201d and \u201cinsecticide\u201d as synonyms, since insecticides are only one type of pesticide. Table 1 lists just a few of the many types of pesticides and their respective target pests. For more information on recognizing and treating specific types of pests, see Chapters 15 (Entomology), 17 (Plant Pathology), 19 (Weeds and Weed Management), 20 (Vertebrate Pest Management), and 21 (Plant Heath Care and Integrated Pest Management). Chapter 17: Plant Pathology also explains how to distinguish between biotic and abiotic damage.<\/p>\n\n\n<span id=\"tablepress-91-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-91\">Table 1. Types of pests controlled by various pesticides.<\/span>\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-91\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-91\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-91-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1 odd\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">Type of Pesticide<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">Type of Pest Controlled<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">antimicrobial\/disinfectant<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">germs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">bactericide<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">bacteria<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">fungicide<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">fungi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">herbicide<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">weeds<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">insecticide<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">insects<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">miticide<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">mites<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">molluscicide<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">slugs and snails<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">nematicide<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">nematodes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-10 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">rodenticide<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">rodents<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-91 from cache -->\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-spacing-before--large\">One common misconception is that organic or natural pesticides are \u201csafer\u201d than human-made or synthetic pesticides. Today, a number of human-made pesticides pose lower risks than do natural or organic pesticides. Another common misconception is that home remedies are legal, cheap, and safer than commercially produced products. They are not legal and, depending on the ingredients, may be more dangerous than products which have passed regulatory approval. Practically speaking, there is nothing inexpensive about having untested, potentially toxic materials with no safety or use instructions lying around the home.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Keep in mind that regardless of the origin of a pesticide, whether extracted from nature (for instance, Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria, \u201cBt\u201d) or human-made (such as malathion), all pesticide active ingredients undergo the same federally required screening for potential adverse effects on humans, domestic animals, wildlife, and the environment. The hazards that become evident during the pesticide screening process are clearly indicated on product labels. Evaluate any product under consideration for your IPM program by reading the information found on the product label and making sure that product has been fully reviewed and approved (registered) by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In Washington State, a pesticide can only be used on a target host plant or landscape site that is specifically noted on the product label. Any use of the product on a target host plant or site that is not on the label is illegal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked\" id=\"ch22-pesticides-laws\">Pesticides and the Law<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Protection of people and the environment from harmful effects of pesticides is based primarily on three factors.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"300\" height=\"213\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/62\/2025\/10\/Fig_01-10.jpg\" alt=\"Yellow label with black text reading: \u201cThe ORTHO Group, P.O. Box 1749, Columbus, OH 43216. Form AC000806010. EPA Reg. No. 239-2679.\u201d\" class=\"wp-image-3674\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 1. An EPA registration number on a product label indicates that a product has been screened and approved by the EPA. (Example provided for illustrative purposes only\u2014not a current registration.)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Pesticides must meet federal review standards as administered by the EPA before they can be sold or applied. Once pesticides meet the standards and have appropriate label information, they are officially registered by the EPA for use and are given an EPA registration number. Pesticides also must be registered by the Washington State Department of Agriculture for distribution and use in Washington. The best way to ensure a product has been reviewed for its potential adverse effects on human health and the environment is to look for the US EPA registration number on the product container label (Figure 1).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The EPA requires each registered product be extensively tested for potential adverse health effects for humans and domestic animals, and for environmental impacts such as water quality and effects on beneficial insects, fish, and wildlife. Pesticide labels are developed (and EPA-approved) to inform people who handle pesticides about safe and proper use of the product, potential risks, and requirements or methods to mitigate risks. Some pesticides fall into the category of \u201crestricted use pesticides.\u201d Federal and state agencies restrict the use of pesticides that pose a potential risk to human health and the environment. These restricted use pesticides can only be used by <em>licensed applicators<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Directions for use and safety precautions are stated on the label and THE LABEL IS THE LAW. Any violation of label directions is a violation of both state and federal law. The label is quite specific about where a pesticide can be legally used, how much can legally be applied, how often, and requirements to protect people and the environment.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>Understanding a Pesticide Label<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-spacing-after--large\">By law, certain kinds of information must appear on a pesticide label (Figure 2). People who use pesticides have a legal responsibility to read, understand, and follow the label directions. Besides the legal responsibility to read the label, it just makes sense to read the label to learn as much as possible about proper pesticide use. The label includes the printed material affixed to the pesticide container and any accompanying booklets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"751\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/62\/2025\/10\/Fig_02-copy.jpg\" alt=\"Example pesticide label for a product called \u201cPEST-B-GONE Insecticide and Fungicide.\u201d Red arrows and text labels identify key required label elements. The \u201cProduct name\u201d and \u201cIngredient statement\u201d are at the top, listing active and inert ingredients with percentages. The \u201cSignal word\u201d is \u201cDANGER,\u201d shown prominently to indicate toxicity level. Below that, the \u201cStatement of practical treatment\u201d describes first aid actions such as rinsing eyes or washing skin. The \u201cNote to physician\u201d provides medical guidance, and the \u201cPrecautionary statements\u201d warn about hazards to humans, animals, and the environment. On the right, the \u201cDirections for use\u201d explain proper mixing, application rates, and safety precautions for use on roses, evergreens, and flowers.\" class=\"wp-image-3675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/62\/2025\/10\/Fig_02-copy.jpg 800w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/62\/2025\/10\/Fig_02-copy-300x282.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/62\/2025\/10\/Fig_02-copy-768x721.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 2. Sample pesticide label with some of the specifically required label elements noted.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-spacing-before--large\"><strong><em>Directions for Use<\/em><\/strong>. This section of the label begins with the statement, \u201cIt is a violation of Federal law to use this product in a manner inconsistent with its labeling.\u201d Read the rest of this portion of the label first to see where the product can be legally applied and what pests it controls. It also gives explicit instructions on how to mix and apply the pesticide. Other equally important information that should be included in your IPM decision-making and that you need to understand prior to selecting a pesticide product includes the product\u2019s name, active ingredients, human health and safety precautions, and steps to protect water resources and pollinators.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Product Brand Name<\/em><\/strong>. Every pesticide has a <a href=\"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/pnw-gardeners-handbook\/glossary\/#p\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/pnw-gardeners-handbook\/glossary\/#p\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>product brand name<\/strong> (opens in new window)<\/a>, sometimes referred to as a <a href=\"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/pnw-gardeners-handbook\/glossary\/#t\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/pnw-gardeners-handbook\/glossary\/#t\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>trade name<\/strong> (opens in new window)<\/a>. Examples of some product brand names include Off! Deep Woods Insect Repellent V, Black Flag Liquid Ant Bait, Lysol Brand III I.C. Disinfectant Spray, Spectricide Weed &amp; Grass Killer2 Ready To Use, and Hi-lex Bleach Regular Scent 1. It is important to understand that a brand name like Roundup does not represent a single product or active ingredient; there are many products with Roundup in the name. Some plant protection guides indicate a specific brand name; however, others refer to the pesticide by its active ingredient, which means that you need to do more label reading and investigate the Active Ingredient section to find out if the product has the correct active ingredient for your target pest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-spacing-after--medium\"><strong><em>Ingredient Statement<\/em><\/strong>. Every pesticide label must specifically list any and all active ingredients and their amounts in the product. Some products may contain more than one active ingredient. An active ingredient is the actual chemical that controls the pest. The active ingredient may have a common (or generic) name, such as glyphosate or malathion. Other ingredients are added to a product formulation to aid mixing, safety, and product effectiveness; these additives are lumped into the inert ingredients percentage and not listed individually, as in this example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wsu-spacing-after--none\"><strong>Active Ingredient<\/strong><br>malathion  32%<br>carbaryl  10%<br>Inert Ingredients  58%<br><strong>Total<\/strong>  100%<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-spacing-before--small\">Often garden magazines recommend certain pesticides by providing the reader with the common name of an active ingredient (for example, captan, a fungicide; malathion and carbaryl, insecticides; and 2,4-D, an herbicide) instead of recommending a specific brand name product. In that case, a person has to read the labels to find out which products (1) contain the active ingredient noted in the article and (2) are registered for use on the target host plant or landscape site where its use is planned. Many different pesticides contain the same active ingredient. By purchasing pesticides according to the common or chemical name, you are sure to get the active ingredient you want, no matter the trade name or formulation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Signal Words and Symbols<\/em><\/strong>. Pesticides can harm people through corrosion, irritation to the skin and eyes, or by causing illness. A signal word on the label (Figure 2) indicates the product\u2019s toxicity to humans from a single exposure. This signal word is the best initial indicator of the hazard a product poses to humans. It is important that you know and differentiate these four signal words. The toxicity of a product (signal word) and your own actions of personal protection from exposure determine the hazard that a pesticide poses to you.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>DANGER\u2014POISON along with a skull and crossbones symbol are found on products that are highly toxic and potentially deadly even at low doses. The words \u201cDanger\u2014Poison\u201d are always printed in red ink. There are very few products in the home and garden market that carry these signal words, and most of those are rodenticides. There are other household products, such as the older formulations of antifreeze, that carry \u201cDanger\u2014Poison\u201d and are deadly at low doses.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>DANGER (single word only) products are corrosive and can cause irreversible eye damage or severe skin injury. It is important to distinguish \u201cDanger\u201d from \u201cDanger\u2014Poison\u201d because their adverse effects are very different\u2014an exposure to a very small amount of one can cause blindness (Danger), while a small exposure to the other can be fatal (Danger\u2014Poison). Again, there are few home and garden pesticides with \u201cDanger\u201d signal words; however, many other household chemicals carry the signal word \u201cDanger\u201d for eye injury and corrosiveness (for example, gasoline).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>WARNING products are moderately toxic or may cause moderate eye or skin irritation when these sensitive tissues are exposed. The Precautionary Statement section will tell you if the product causes eye irritation, eye damage, or illness.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CAUTION products are slightly toxic or may cause slight eye or skin irritation when body parts are exposed to a significant amount of the product.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Note<\/em>: Bleach, liquid soap, furniture polish, gasoline, and antifreeze are examples of household chemicals that have hazards similar to pesticides; some are quite dangerous and require special handling, while others are much less harmful. Signal words and precautionary statements on labels of all household chemicals indicate product hazards and how to handle them safely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Statement of Practical Treatment<\/em><\/strong>. Both the Statement of Practical Treatment (also sometimes listed as First Aid) and the Note to Physician section of the label provide information on the first aid treatment for someone accidentally exposed to that particular pesticide. These label sections may contain poison antidote information and often provide an emergency phone contact to call for further information.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wsu-callout wsu-border--color-vineyard wsu-callout--style-basic wsu-color-background--gray-5 wsu-border--add-left wsu-align-item--center wsu-spacing-after--large wsu-spacing-before--large wsu-max-width--xxmedium\" >\r\n        \n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Other important numbers<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wsu-spacing-after--medium wsu-font-size--medium\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wapc.org\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.wapc.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Washington Poison Center<\/strong><br>(opens in new window)<\/a><br>1-800-222-1222<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wsu-font-size--medium\"><a href=\"https:\/\/npic.orst.edu\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"http:\/\/npic.orst.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>National Pesticide Information Center<\/strong> <br>(opens in new window)<\/a><br>1-800-858-7378<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wsu-font-size--medium\">Contact Poison Control in case of any exposure. The National Pesticide Information Center is a clearinghouse for pesticide information.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n\n<p>Note that first aid treatments can be started immediately by the injured person or a bystander, or the injured person may require treatment by emergency medical personnel or a physician who have been provided with poison treatment information. See the section titled First Aid, below, for specific actions to take.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Precautionary Statements<\/em><\/strong>. These statements identify potential hazards and recommend ways to minimize or avoid risks. There may be several sections of these statements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Types of precautionary statements include:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/62\/2025\/10\/Fig_03-copy.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of a honey bee inside a red diamond border. The image is used as a symbol to indicate that a pesticide product is toxic to bees or other pollinators.\" class=\"wp-image-3678\" width=\"450\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/62\/2025\/10\/Fig_03-copy.jpg 600w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/62\/2025\/10\/Fig_03-copy-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 3 Close-up view of Kentucky bluegrass and clover. Photo courtesy of John D. Byrd, Mississippi State University; Bugwood.org.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Hazards to Humans and Domestic Animals<\/em><\/strong>. With this, the signal word is listed, followed by statements indicating which route(s) of entry (mouth, skin, lungs, eyes) is the most likely to result in harmful exposure. This directly tells the pesticide handlers which parts of the body must be protected. The label also indicates whether the major concern is irritation, corrosiveness, or illness. The label specifies actions that can prevent overexposure to the pesticide, such as wearing required garments, waterproof gloves, and eye protection during the application.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>Environmental Hazards<\/em><\/strong>. This section of the label warns of pesticide risks to wildlife, birds, fish, bees, or to the environment, including water quality. It provides practical ways to avoid harm to organisms and the environment. Bee precautions are common on insecticide labels to protect pollinators (Figure 3). Other precautionary statements to protect the environment can be found in the Directions for Use section of the label (drift, runoff, plant damage, temperature extremes, etc.).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>Physical or Chemical Hazards<\/em><\/strong>. This section of the label warns of any special fire, explosive, or chemical hazards the product may pose.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked\" id=\"ch22-pesticide-toxicity\">Pesticide Toxicity<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pesticides can cause physical injury to the skin or eyes and can cause illness\u2014the signal words will indicate the level of severity. Accidents most commonly occur with children who gain access to products that are improperly stored. Because children are small, the dose required to have adverse symptoms is much lower than the dose required to harm an adult. But adults can have adverse reactions if they do not heed the precautionary statements on the label, do not protect themselves from exposure, or do not clean up properly afterward.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The major routes by which people are exposed to pesticides are the skin, eyes, lungs (inhalation), and mouth (ingestion). The skin is the area most commonly exposed to pesticides. However, the skin provides a fairly good barrier in most instances. Consider wearing, at a minimum, a long-sleeved shirt, long pants, and waterproof gloves\u2014these three items will cover most of your skin.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"300\" height=\"298\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/62\/2025\/10\/yuck_new-copy.jpg\" alt=\"Round Mr. Yuck sticker with pale green background showing illustrated icon of a person grimacing with their tongue out. Text around the outside reads, \u201cWashington Poison Center. 1-800-222-1222.\u201d\" class=\"wp-image-3679\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/62\/2025\/10\/yuck_new-copy.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/62\/2025\/10\/yuck_new-copy-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 4. Mr. Yuk teaches people to stay safe from poisons and toxic exposure. Mr. Yuk was created in 1971 by the Pittsburgh Poison Center at the Children\u2019s Hospital of Pittsburgh.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Some products pose significant risks to the eyes due to their corrosive nature, so handle products in such a manner that you do not splash material or allow fine droplets to reach your eyes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Breathing fumes and respiring small droplets can pose problems in a few instances. Read the label to see if this route of exposure poses a risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lastly, ingestion is not generally a problem for those who are using the pesticides but poses significant risk for those who do not realize that the item is not a food. Proper storage is the key to ensuring people, especially children, do not get access to pesticides (Figure 4).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The EPA studies chronic effects (long-term exposures to low doses) of pesticides and includes these on the product registration and labeling. If a product has significant potential to cause chronic effects, the label lists this concern in the Precautionary Statements section.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Human symptoms of exposure can vary a lot depending on the pesticide, especially if an individual has an allergy. Herbicide injury typically includes skin reddening or rash, but some nausea can occur. Insecticide poisoning can cause mild fatigue, headache, nausea, dizziness, cramps, and diarrhea, or can cause moderate symptoms like weakness, muscle twitching, constricted pupils, and chest discomfort. Severe insecticide poisoning symptoms are coma and convulsions. Fumigants and solvents can make a person appear to be drunk, and symptoms include poor coordination, slurred speech, confusion, and sleepiness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Illness or skin or eye injury resulting from a pesticide exposure occurs within 4 to 12 hours. If symptoms show up more than 12 hours after a pesticide exposure, some other illness or contaminant is more likely responsible. If you have used a pesticide and have symptoms develop within 12 hours, contact your medical provider.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are a few additional safety-related terms you need to know. These terms are used on labels and provide further information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/pnw-gardeners-handbook\/glossary\/#r\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/pnw-gardeners-handbook\/glossary\/#r\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Restricted entry interval<\/strong> (opens in new window)<\/a> is a specified time period immediately following the pesticide application when no one is to enter a treated area. If the label states a restricted entry interval of four hours, keep people out of the area for those first four hours. If nothing is stated, it is safe for people and pets to reenter when the sprays have dried and the dusts have settled.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/pnw-gardeners-handbook\/glossary\/#p\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Preharvest interval <\/strong>(opens in new window)<\/a> is a time period after an application that allows pesticide residues to degrade prior to harvest. This ensures that the residue levels at harvest time are safe. (It is still a good idea to wash your fruits and vegetables prior to consumption.) For example, if you applied a product to apples that had a preharvest interval of seven days, you need to wait a full seven days after the application prior to picking the fruit.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked\" id=\"ch22-pesticide-selection\">Pesticide Selection<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-spacing-after--small\">Legally, you must only use a product on the target host plant or landscape site listed on the label\u2014no exceptions. In addition to making sure you have a product that can be legally used on a site, you need to evaluate the product to ensure:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>the product controls the target pest;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>you can apply the product according to label-stated timing;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>you understand the product\u2019s hazard to humans and the environment;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>you have the appropriate application equipment;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>you know how to mix when necessary and calibrate the application equipment; and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>you know how much you need in one season.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>You should address each of these items prior to purchasing pesticides.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To ensure you find a product that legally can be applied to the site and that controls the target pest, there are numerous resources available.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/hortsense.cahnrs.wsu.edu\/Home\/HortsenseHome.aspx\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"http:\/\/hortsense.cahnrs.wsu.edu\/Home\/HortsenseHome.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hortsense plant problem fact sheets (opens in new window)<\/a> are the best Northwest resource; they not only discuss pesticides but provide cultural and mechanical pest control methods. The pesticides listed in Hortsense have been screened by WSU Extension and research staff to ensure that (1) they are registered in Washington and (2) they are appropriate for control of the specified pests on the noted host. Hortsense provides recommendations by active ingredient and lists a sample of brand name products that contain that active ingredient. (Chapter 19: Weeds and Weed Management also provides a list and basic information on some common herbicides.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When selecting pesticides, you have a choice of container sizes to purchase (big versus small container). Buy only the amount you need for one growing season. Too often people purchase larger volumes thinking they are economizing, when in reality they do not use all of the product and end up disposing of it through a household hazardous waste program. Be conscientious of the environment and buy only what is needed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is a good choice to purchase ready-to-use products rather than concentrated products that require mixing with water. Ready-to-use products require no mixing and in most instances require no calibration of application equipment. You can easily achieve effective pest control with ready-to-use products.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-spacing-after--large\">When you purchase products that require mixing you must have the proper application equipment and be confident that you can determine how to accurately measure the appropriate dose, which may require conversion of measuring units (Table 2). Carefully choose the pesticide mixing and loading area. It should be outside, away from people, children, livestock, and pets. Pesticides should not be mixed in areas where a spill or overflow could get into a water supply. An area where spills can be easily contained is recommended. Make sure you apply the correct dose that controls the pest and do not go over the allowed application rate specified on the label.<\/p>\n\n\n<span id=\"tablepress-154-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-154\">Table 2. Useful conversions.<\/span>\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-154\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-154\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-154-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1 odd\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">Measurement<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">Equivalent<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><strong>Volume<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><span class=\"wsu-screen-reader-only\">Not applicable<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">3 teaspoons<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">1 tablespoon<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">2 tablespoons<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">1 fluid ounce<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">4 tablespoons<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">\u00bc cup<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">8 fluid ounces<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">1 cup<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">2 cups<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">1 pint<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">2 pints<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">1 quart<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">4 quarts<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">1 gallon<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-10 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><strong>Area<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><span class=\"wsu-screen-reader-only\">Not applicable<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-11 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">9 square feet<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">1 square yard<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-12 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">43,560 sq. feet<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">1 acre<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-13 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><strong>Mass<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><span class=\"wsu-screen-reader-only\">Not applicable<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-14 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">16 ounces<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">1 pound<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-154 from cache -->\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-spacing-before--large\">Pesticide products come in both liquid and dry formulations. Some dry formulation products are applied as-is in their dry form. Often, liquid and dry formulations are mixed with water. Those applied in dry form require different application equipment than those applied as liquid sprays.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Some products require that you calibrate your application equipment to ensure that you apply the proper rate to the target host or site, which can be a fair amount of time and effort. For these products the user must calibrate the application equipment to determine how much spray is delivered per area, say 100 square feet, and then mix in the appropriate amount of product for each unit area the equipment is going to cover. Gardeners must work through these calculations to avoid under applying (poor efficacy) or over applying their pesticides (environmental contamination, plant damage, and legal liability).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked\" id=\"ch22-safe-applications\">Safe, Effective Applications<\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/62\/2025\/10\/Fig_04-copy.jpg\" alt=\"Close-up of bee on yellow flower.\" class=\"wp-image-3682\" width=\"450\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/62\/2025\/10\/Fig_04-copy.jpg 600w, https:\/\/wpcdn.web.wsu.edu\/extension\/uploads\/sites\/62\/2025\/10\/Fig_04-copy-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 5. Do not apply pesticides when pollinators are present. Image credit: Dmitry Grigoriev, available through Unsplash.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Every pesticide label has explicit directions so the user knows where to apply the product, how much to apply, and the proper timing and placement of the pesticide. This information is generally found in the Directions for Use section of the pesticide label. Additionally, some pesticides are known to cause harm under certain circumstances, such as high or low temperature or wind speed, so the label states prohibited acts and precautions to make certain that no unreasonable adverse effects occur, such as drift, runoff, and plant damage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Common environmental problems occur with soil- or lawn-applied pesticides or fertilizers when subsequent rain or irrigation washes the chemicals off the target site and into waterways and fish-bearing waters. It is important to monitor for rain or irrigation and time your application so that you prevent water contamination (see Chapter 4: Plant Mineral Nutrition and Fertilizers for more information on the proper application of nutrients). Consider selecting insecticide products that pose lower hazard to bees and other pollinators (Figure 5).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Apply IPM decision-making before applying a pesticide, make sure that the pest problem has been accurately diagnosed, and consider all reasonable cultural and mechanical methods first. If cultural and mechanical methods are not applicable to your situation or they fail, choose pesticide products with active ingredients that are appropriate for managing the specific pest. In some cases, the best approach may turn out to be a combination of cultural and chemical methods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The label may outline a range of application rates for a single pest dependent on infestation levels (low, medium, high) and the pest growth stage (young, mature). If you have low infestation levels or very young pests, the low dose typically is sufficient. For high population levels or mature pests, use the high dose, as instructed by the product label.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Alternatively, the label may list a single application dose for each site or target host. If so, adhere to that single rate. Applying pesticides at rates greater than those listed on the label (e.g., using three ounces of product on your apple trees when the label says to use one ounce) is not only illegal but it can also damage desirable vegetation and kill beneficial organisms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The label may outline application rates that differ due to the species of pest. For example, a higher dose may be listed for a perennial weed like Canada thistle than for an annual weed like lambsquarters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Timing the application is critical to ensure effective control. Timing is usually directly related to the life stage of the pest. With insects, you may need to target the larval stage of one pest, while targeting the adult of another species. Weed control is also dependent on proper timing of pesticide applications; some herbicides are applied prior to weed seed germination (preemergence) while others are applied to the soil or foliage after the weeds are growing (postemergence). Chapter 19: Weeds and Weed Management provides a more in-depth discussion of weeds and weed management.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fungicides usually must be applied before the onset of disease symptoms. Hortsense notes special timing for pesticides, but it is always important to read the specific label for each product and only apply pesticides when they are effective at controlling the target pest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Another key application principle for achieving pest control success is the proper placement of a pesticide. Some insecticides and herbicides must be incorporated into the soil to become active and available to the plants. Incorporation can be achieved by light cultivation, irrigation, or rainfall.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If you only have a small patch of weeds in one area of the yard, treat only that area. Do not spray the entire yard. The same goes for an infestation of insects in a tree. Treat only the affected area. This protects natural enemies, keeps extra pesticide out of the environment, and saves money.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are a few more terms you need to know because they are used on labels and describe how a pesticide functions. Understanding these terms helps ensure you use a pesticide in a way to effectively treat the target pest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/pnw-gardeners-handbook\/glossary\/#s\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/pnw-gardeners-handbook\/glossary\/#s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>systemic pesticide<\/strong> (opens in new window)<\/a>. A chemical applied to a host plant that moves through the plant\u2019s vascular system, such as an insecticide absorbed by the roots or foliage of a tree that kills aphids when they ingest the insecticide by feeding on the leaves.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/pnw-gardeners-handbook\/glossary\/#t\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/pnw-gardeners-handbook\/glossary\/#t\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>translocating herbicide<\/strong> (opens in new window)<\/a>. A chemical that moves through the vascular system of a plant, such as herbicides that enter the roots or foliage and are moved to the growing points and roots to control the (susceptible) pest plant species from the inside.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/pnw-gardeners-handbook\/glossary\/#c\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/pnw-gardeners-handbook\/glossary\/#c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>contact pesticide<\/strong> (opens in new window)<\/a>. A chemical applied directly to the surface it is intended to protect or damage in the case of herbicides. Coverage is important as the pesticide will not be moved throughout the plant.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/pnw-gardeners-handbook\/glossary\/#s\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/pnw-gardeners-handbook\/glossary\/#s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>selective pesticide<\/strong> (opens in new window)<\/a>. A chemical that kills only certain species of plants, insects, or fungi, but does not harm other species; for example, the insecticide <em>Bacillus thuringiensis<\/em> (Bt) controls caterpillar species but does not harm bees and parasitic wasps; or 2,4-D, which selectively controls broadleaf plants while not injuring grass species.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/pnw-gardeners-handbook\/glossary\/#n\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/pnw-gardeners-handbook\/glossary\/#n\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>nonselective pesticide<\/strong> (opens in new window)<\/a>. A chemical that kills all species; for example, the herbicide Roundup Weed and Grass Killer (71995-25) kills the actively growing green tissue of any plant.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked\" id=\"ch22-safe-pesticide-handling\">Safe Pesticide Handling<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>As the pesticide handler, you are the decision-maker regarding risk. You select the product based on its toxicity (as indicated by the label\u2019s signal words and precautionary statements) and your exposure. If you select a more toxic product, take the necessary precautions, as detailed in the label, to protect yourself from exposure (such as wearing a long-sleeved shirt, long pants, closed shoes, waterproof gloves, and a hat; add eye protection for overhead applications). The label may specify what personal protective clothing or equipment you need to wear. Avoid wearing soft contact lenses when dealing with pesticides as they may trap material between your eye and the lens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You also are in control of your personal hygiene, and it is important to wash your hands (and any other body parts that come in contact with the pesticide) after handling a pesticide. Your contaminated gloves or hands transfer residues into your home and onto your children or pets. Do not eat, drink, or smoke while using pesticides. Wash your hands before doing these activities. Clean your equipment carefully to avoid contaminating either yourself or your environment. Apply your equipment rinse water back on to your application site.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Be prepared for emergencies by knowing where the pesticide label is, and be familiar with its first aid statements. Also, post your medical provider\u2019s phone number and the Washington Poison Center phone numbers near your phones.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Read the precautions listed in the label\u2019s Environmental Hazard section and Directions for Use section regarding protections for fish, animals, pollinators, and other beneficial insects. Adhere to the guidelines regarding wind direction and speed to ensure no off-target drift of spray droplets occurs. Irrigate carefully after any application, and do not apply pesticides when rain is expected to ensure you do not wash pesticides into waterways.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When making any application, keep children and pets away. Do not allow them to enter a treated area until the sprays have dried, the dusts have settled, or the restricted entry interval has passed. Consider what items might end up with pesticide residues after a landscape application\u2014you may want to wash children\u2019s toys, picnic tables, or other lawn ornaments and furniture. Check your neighbors\u2019 yards and, if appropriate, advise them of your intention to spray so they can keep their kids and pets inside while you make the application.<br>Keep your eyes open and be aware of your surroundings the entire time you make the application. Unexpected things can happen quickly which may require you to stop and wait for a better time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mix only what you need for that single application. Some products do not store well once mixed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>Safe Transport<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>When you purchase your pesticides from a store, separate them into a different bag from the groceries. Protect bottles by wrapping them to reduce the chance of breakage if they fall over or crash together. Secure containers upright to make sure they cannot fall or be knocked over. It is best to transport them in the trunk of the car, away from people and groceries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>Safe Storage<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Store pesticides in such a manner as to eliminate access by children and pets. Place them four feet off the ground, preferably in a locked and labeled cabinet. This area should be dry and well- ventilated. Children are the most common victims of pesticide poisoning. They can ingest chemicals or get them in their eyes and on their skin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>NEVER PUT PESTICIDES IN SOFT-DRINK BOTTLES OR OTHER CONTAINERS. Never store pesticides with food or medical supplies. Store pesticides in their original containers and apply transparent tape over the label to keep it legible. Check pesticide containers periodically for leaks, corrosion, breaks, tears, or rust. If a container is broken, take it to your local household hazardous waste collection site.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>Safe Disposal<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Avoid disposal problems! Purchase only what you need. Never \ufb02ush unused pesticides down the toilet, sink, or storm drain. Improper disposal can harm aquatic plants and wildlife. Empty containers as thoroughly as possible after your last application and then discard the containers into your household waste, or as directed on the label. Do not reuse empty pesticide containers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Never attempt to burn pesticide containers in the fireplace, woodstove, or burn barrel. Do not put containers in trash compactors. Always follow label directions for disposal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>Pesticide Spills<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Know what is spilled in order to recognize the hazard. At a minimum, wear waterproof gloves when cleaning up spills. If a spill occurs, clean it up promptly. Do not leave the spill unattended. If help is necessary, send someone else to get assistance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>DO NOT WASH A GROUND SPILL AWAY\u2014runoff can damage nontarget plants or pollute surface and groundwater. Sprinkle kitty litter or sawdust over liquid spills. Sweep the mixture into a plastic garbage bag and dispose of it as directed in the label\u2019s Safe Disposal section.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If you spill pesticide on yourself, wash it off immediately with soap and water, or as the label instructs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked\" id=\"ch22-first-aid\">First Aid<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-spacing-after--medium\">In the case of an accidental pesticide exposure, do basic first aid and GET MEDICAL HELP<br>IMMEDIATELY! Check the product label for first aid information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-spacing-after--small\">In general:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>If a pesticide spills on clothes or skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash the affected area of the body with soap and water. Bag the contaminated clothing and discard the clothing at a household hazardous waste facility or turn-in event.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>When a pesticide gets into the eyes, \ufb02ush the eye slowly and gently with water for 10 to 15 minutes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>When someone inhales pesticide vapor, move the individual to fresh air.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If someone is not breathing, give artificial respiration\u2014unless they have swallowed the pesticide.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wsu-spacing-after--xsmall\">Read the pesticide label to find out if you should induce vomiting.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-spacing-after--small\">Always:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Stop the victim\u2019s exposure to the toxicant by removing contaminated clothing or rinsing exposed skin and eyes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If the toxicant was swallowed by the victim, check the pesticide label and follow the instructions regarding whether or not to induce vomiting.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Move the victim outside into fresh air if the victim was exposed to contaminated air in a poorly ventilated room.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Unless you are trained in first aid, do not administer anything (food, liquid, or medicine) to an exposed person unless expressly instructed to do so by the product label or medical personnel. Contact medical personnel to follow up on initial first aid treatment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked\" id=\"ch22-checklist\">Checklist for Pesticide Purchase and Use<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-spacing-after--small\"><em>Before you buy<\/em> a pesticide, read the pesticide label to determine:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>where the pesticide can and cannot be applied<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>if the pesticide controls the target pest or pests<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>what hazard it poses to you<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>if the pesticide can be applied safely and legally under the application conditions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>necessary application and safety equipment<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>amount of pesticide needed for the application (buy only the amount needed\u2014do not generate future waste)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>relevant restrictions for use of the pesticide<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Compare different pesticide labels. Several different products often can control the same pest on the same site. Comparing the labels, their precautionary statements, and product prices will help you to select the product that controls the pest and is less toxic to humans or the environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-spacing-after--small\"><em>Before you mix <\/em>the pesticide, read the label to determine the following:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>protective equipment you should wear<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>amount of the pesticide to use<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wsu-spacing-after--small\">mixing procedure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-spacing-after--small\"><em>Before you apply<\/em> the pesticide, read the label to learn:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>safety measures you should follow<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>procedures that minimize potential harm to people, animals, plants, and the environment<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>how to apply the pesticide<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>when and where to apply the pesticide<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the restricted entry interval<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wsu-spacing-after--small\">the preharvest interval<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wsu-spacing-after--small\"><em>Before you store or dispose<\/em> of the pesticide or pesticide container, read the label to determine:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>where and how to store the pesticide<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>how to decontaminate and dispose of the pesticide container<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>where and how to dispose of surplus pesticide<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  wsu-heading--style-marked\" id=\"ch22-further-reading\">Further Reading<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.extension.wsu.edu\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/pubs.extension.wsu.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\">WSU Extension publications (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Black, C.A., and C.R. Foss. 2014a. Pesticides: Learning about Labels. Washington State University Extension Publication FSIPM001E. Washington State University.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Black, C.A., and C.R. Foss. 2014b. Pesticides: Safe Handling. Washington State University Extension Publication FSIPM002E. Washington State University.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Foss, C., and A. Antonelli. 2009. <a href=\"https:\/\/hortsense.cahnrs.wsu.edu\/Home\/HortsenseHome.aspx\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"http:\/\/hortsense.cahnrs.wsu.edu\/Home\/HortsenseHome.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hortsense: Home Gardener Fact Sheets for Managing Plant Problems with IPM or Integrated Pest Management (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/npic.orst.edu\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/npic.orst.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">National Pesticide Information Center<\/a>. 800-858-7378.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Washington State University. n.d. <a href=\"https:\/\/pep.wsu.edu\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"http:\/\/pep.wsu.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pesticide Resources and Education Program (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Carol Ramsay Black, Urban IPM and Pesticide Safety Education Program Director, Department of Entomology, WSU Carrie Foss, Extension Urban IPM Coordinator, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Washington State University Wendy Sue Wheeler, Program Director, Extension Specialist, WSU Pesticide Resources and Education Program Introduction Pesticides are but one tool in your integrated pest management (IPM) toolbox [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":241,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_wsuwp_accessibility_report":null},"categories":[],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/pnw-gardeners-handbook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1567"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/pnw-gardeners-handbook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/pnw-gardeners-handbook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/pnw-gardeners-handbook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/241"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/pnw-gardeners-handbook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1567"}],"version-history":[{"count":48,"href":"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/pnw-gardeners-handbook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1567\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4664,"href":"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/pnw-gardeners-handbook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1567\/revisions\/4664"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/pnw-gardeners-handbook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1567"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/pnw-gardeners-handbook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1567"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/extension.wsu.edu\/pnw-gardeners-handbook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1567"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}